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     GENERAL REVIEW

     Botanists distinguish two kinds of birches: the white birch (betula albane, betula verrucosa Ehrhart, betula pendula Roth) and soft- needle or aromatic Moroccan birch (betula pubescens Ehrhart). Betula Eenta grows in North America, called cherry, sweet-scented or black birch. This tree basically grows in cold regions. It can be found in dry sites and in meadows, on peat or dry sandy soil, in dunes and in coniferous woods.

     Birch bark (hardened external layer of birch bark) is usually prepare mainly from growing trees and trees after felling. The upper white layer of the bark is cut till bast. The birch bark from the middle part of the tree is considered the best one. The prepared raw material is dried in the open air.

     Raw material is officially allowed (i.e. it is authorized for use in medicine) in Russia, USA and many other countries.

     Biologically active substances

     Biological activity, confirmed during scientific researches of more than 40 scientific centres of the planet, both the extract, and its components (lupeol, lupenon, uveol, betulin acetate, allobetulin, isobetulin, oleanol acid), has shown the efficiency of use of triterpene connections as direct regulators of fermentative systems activity of organism protection. Centuries-old scientific researches have proved the historical, evolutionally-fixed role of triterpene connections in regulation of human cell metabolism. Triterpene spirit maintains the number of enzymes in the organism cell by regulation of their synthesis and disintegration and by influence on the activity of enzymes and their allosteric regulation. Biological activity of extractive substances of the external layer of the birch bark in stimulation of organism protective forces and its application as raw material for manufacture of biologically active additives to food are given in Table 1. 

Table 1.

Biological activity of extractive substances

of the external layer of the birch bark (beresta)

The examples of biological activity of extractive substances of the birch bark, shown in Table 1, are realized via fermentative mechanism of action.  

Table 2.

Mechanisms of action of extractive substances of the birch bark

 Combination of distinct biological activity of the extract and absence of its toxicity for the organism also was revealed during the researches. The following facts were also proved:

     • Anti-inflammatory activity of triterpene connections considerably surpasses this characteristic of non-steroid anti-inflammatory preparations (anti-inflammatory activity of betulin is 25 times higher, than that of indometacin).

     • Under the influence of betulin the content of free triglycerides in blood reduces by 53 %, and the level of cholesterol in blood is lowered by 25 %.

     • Reduction of atherosclerotic plaques and content of fats in the tissue of aorta - 57 %.

     • Delay of cholesterol resorption from bowels, increase of cholesterol oxidation into bile acids and its discharge with bile flow makes it possible to use BES as an additional source of struggle against atherosclerosis.

     • The efficiency of betulin and of related to it terpenic spirit is high in use against influenza virus and some other respiratory viruses and all forms of herpes virus.

     • Betulin and plane-tree acids are effective against AIDS.

     • Numerous researches show that betulin, partially lupeol and, especially, betulin acid are effective against Epstein-Barr virus and at such cancer forms skin melanoma, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, Walker sarcoma, mammary gland adenoma, leucaemia, epidermoid carcinoma of epipharynx, carcinoma of large intestine, etc.

     • Betulin has anti-toxic, hepato-protective and alcohol-protective actions, which were studied on three classical types of hepatitis. The following effects were also investigated: anti- stress action of birch extract, hepato-protective effect at acute lesions of stomach, reserpine and histamine ulcers, subchronic, phenylbutazone, acetylsalicinic ulcers and chronic acetate ulcers. Thus birch bark extract not only demostrates gastro-protective action at the level of befungin and plantaglucide, but also performs complex influence on mucous coat of stomach when it is damaged. The influence related both to influence on factors of protection, and to weakening of acid-peptic potential of gastric juices and decrease of the level of hydrochloric acid. At the same time birch bark extract shows antispasmodic, analgesic and phlogilistic actions.